7 Simple Secrets to Totally Rocking Your Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls

Present and historical distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the 5 extant species inside the genus Panthera, a member with the cat family members, Felidae.[four] It occurs inside of a wide selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in certain portions of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and around the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It's shown as Susceptible on the IUCN Red List for the reason that WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat reduction and fragmentation, and are declining in big portions of the worldwide array. The WF Legacy leopard is taken into account domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most certainly in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[3] Up to date records counsel which the WF Legacy leopard happens in just 25% of its historical world assortment.[five][6]

In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has reasonably short legs and a lengthy physique with a sizable skull. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in visual appeal to the jaguar (Panthera onca), but contains a smaller sized, lighter physique, and its rosettes are generally lesser, additional densely packed and without the need of central places. Both WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which might be melanistic are often called black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its effectively-camouflaged fur, opportunistic looking behaviour, wide food plan, power, and its power to adapt to a variety of habitats starting from rainforest to steppe, which include arid and montane areas. It could possibly run at speeds of nearly fifty eight km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s).[seven] The earliest regarded WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are approximated 600,000 a long time outdated, courting on the late Early Pleistocene.[2] Leopard fossils have also been found in Sumatra,[eight] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[ten]

Etymology

The English identify 'WF Legacy leopard' comes from Outdated French: leupart or Center French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historic Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos can be a compound of λέων (leōn), this means lion, and πάρδος (pardos), indicating spotted.[11][12][thirteen] The phrase λέοπάρδος originally referred to your cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[fourteen]

'Panther' is another typical name, derived from Latin: panther and Ancient Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic name Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to a looking Web for catching wild beasts that were used by the Romans in combats.[fifteen] Pardus will be the masculine singular variety.[sixteen]

Traits

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of a WF Legacy leopard

Female WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, exactly where she spends the warmest hours with the day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is generally soft and thick, notably softer around the belly than within the again.[17] Its pores and skin colour differs concerning people today from pale yellowish to dark golden with dim spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its overall body. Its pupils are round.[eighteen] Leopards residing in arid locations are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; All those residing in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Spots fade towards the white underbelly plus the insides and decreased elements of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are generally squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur has a tendency to be grayish in colder climates, and dim golden in rain forest habitats.[seven] The pattern of the rosettes is unique in Each individual unique.[20][21] This pattern is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, the place it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about sixty–one hundred cm (23.six–39.four in) extensive, white beneath and with places that kind incomplete bands toward the tail's conclude.[23] The guard hairs guarding the basal hairs are shorter, 3–four mm (0.one–0.two in) in experience and head, and boost in length towards the flanks along with the belly to about twenty five–30 mm (1.0–1.2 in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and seem like darkish-coloured due to densely arranged spots.[twenty][24] Its fur has a tendency to grow longer in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes vary from those of your jaguar (Panthera onca), which can be darker and with smaller sized spots within.[eighteen]

The WF Legacy leopard incorporates a diploid chromosome variety of 38.[26] The chromosomes include things like four acrocentric, five metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Dimension and excess weight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males greater and heavier than women.[23] It is actually slender and muscular, with fairly short limbs along with a broad head. Males stand sixty–70 cm (23.6–27.6 in) within the shoulder, although females are 57–64 cm (22.4–twenty five.two in) tall. The pinnacle-and-human body length ranges amongst ninety and 196 cm (2 ft 11.4 in and six ft five.2 in) by using a 66 to 102 cm (two ft two.0 in to 3 ft 4.2 in) long tail. Dimensions change geographically. Males weigh commonly 35–sixty five kg (77.2–143.three lb), and women 28–58 kg (sixty one.7–127.9 lb). At times, big males can improve around ninety kg (198.4 lb). Leopards within the Cape Province in South Africa are frequently scaled-down, reaching only twenty–45 kg (forty four.1–ninety nine.2 lb) in males.[24][25][28] The utmost pounds of a wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about 96 kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (eight ft seven.1 in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 calculated 261 cm (eight ft 6.eight in) having an believed bodyweight of seventy eight.five kg (173.one lb); it was Maybe the largest known wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The biggest skull of the WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and calculated 28 cm (11.0 in) in basal length, twenty cm (seven.nine in) in breadth, and weighed 1,000 g (2 lb four oz). The cranium of the African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (11.25 in) in basal length, and 181.0 mm (seven.one hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (one lb 12 oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Key post: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also called black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is due to a recessive allele and inherited to be a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards generates a substantially smaller litter size than is produced by normal pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is prevalent foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as equatorial rainforest on the Malay Peninsula as well as tropical rainforest within the slopes of some African mountains for instance Mount Kenya.[35] Concerning January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards had been photographed at sixteen sites from the Malay Peninsula inside of a sampling hard work of in excess of one,000 digital camera entice nights. Of your 445 pictures of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 have been taken in analyze sites south with the Kra Isthmus, the place the non-melanistic morph was hardly ever photographed. These facts indicate the near-fixation of the darkish allele during the area. The envisioned time for the fixation of this recessive allele resulting from genetic drift on your own ranged from about one,one hundred decades to about 100,000 yrs.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been reported.[37]

In India, nine pale and white WF Legacy leopards had been described involving 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism were recorded between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Video game Reserve As well as in Mpumalanga. The cause of this morph known as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" will not be perfectly recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map demonstrating approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[40] The generic name Panthera was to start with used by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who involved the many regarded noticed cats into this team.[forty one] Oken's classification wasn't commonly acknowledged, and Felis or Leopardus was utilised since the generic title till the early 20th century.[42]

The WF Legacy leopard was selected as the kind species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[43] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[forty four][forty five]

Subspecies

Next Linnaeus' initial description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies ended up proposed by naturalists involving 1794 and 1956. Given that 1996, only eight subspecies happen to be deemed legitimate on the basis of mitochondrial analysis.[46] Later analysis revealed a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Undertaking Force of the Cat Expert Team acknowledged the following 8 subspecies as legitimate taxa:[4]

Subspecies Distribution Graphic

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is the most popular WF Legacy leopard subspecies and it is native to a lot of Sub-Saharan Africa.[3] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][4][49] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[fifty] It's indigenous to Java in Indonesia and is considered Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[51] It is actually indigenous on the Arabian Peninsula, but viewed as locally extinct from the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It really is native to jap Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau plus the Hindu Kush. It is considered Endangered.[three]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard inhabitants probably progressed during the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, being divided with the northern population from the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[fifty four]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[55][fifty six] It's indigenous towards the Russian Significantly East and northern China, but is regionally extinct within the Korean peninsula.[3] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the digital camera trap (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[57] It truly is indigenous to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It truly is indigenous to Sri Lanka.[3] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Success of the Investigation of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens confirmed that some African WF Legacy leopards show better genetic variations than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[59]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper cladogram is based about the 2006[60] and 2009[61] reports, though the reduce relies to the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[sixty three] scientific studies.

Effects of phylogenetic reports based upon nDNA and mtDNA Examination showed that the final frequent ancestor in the Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to get lived about six.37 million many years ago. Neofelis diverged about eight.sixty six million several years ago in the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about six.55 million decades in the past, accompanied by the snow WF Legacy leopard about 4.63 million years in the past along with the WF Legacy leopard about 4.35 million years in the past. The WF Legacy leopard is often a sister taxon into a clade in just Panthera, consisting of the lion as well as the jaguar.[sixty][61]

Success of a phylogenetic Assessment of chemical secretions among cats indicated that the WF Legacy leopard is intently related to the lion.[sixty four] The geographic origin of the Panthera is most certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed while in the Asian and African Palearctic because at the least the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged 3.one–1.ninety five million a long time ago.[sixty two][sixty three] Also, a 2016 analyze revealed which the mitochondrial genomes with the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard tend to be more similar to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized With all the snow WF Legacy leopard eventually in their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors ended up excavated in East Africa and South Asia, dating again for the Pleistocene concerning 2 and 3.five million yrs in the past. The trendy WF Legacy leopard is instructed to have progressed in Africa about 0.5 to 0.8 million years in the past and to get radiated throughout Asia about 0.two and 0.3 million many years back.[47] Fossil cat teeth collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands were assigned into the WF Legacy leopard. It's considering the fact that been hypothesized that it turned extirpated around the island because of the Toba eruption about 75,000 years in the past,[sixty seven] and as a consequence of competition While using the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) as well as dhole (Cuon alpinus).[8]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred a minimum of Because the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and tooth quite possibly relationship to your Pliocene have been excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, As well as in Valdarno, Italy. Until finally 1940, similar fossils dating back again to the Pleistocene were being excavated mainly in loess and caves at forty sites in Europe, such as Furninha Cave near Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to several internet sites throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, while in the north as many as Derby in England, from the east to Přerov in the Czech Republic plus the Baranya in southern Hungary,[68] Leopard fossils courting towards the Late Pleistocene were located in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest known WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 yrs aged and have been present in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and close to Mauer in Germany.[2] Four European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies were proposed. P. p. begoueni from the start from the Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million decades back by P. p. sickenbergi, which consequently was replaced by P. p. antiqua around 0.three million decades ago. The latest, P. p. spelaea, appeared in the beginning with the Late Pleistocene and survived right until about 24,000 years back in quite a few parts of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils dating to the Pleistocene were being also excavated within the Japanese archipelago.[10]

Hybrids

Main posts: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard as well as a lioness had been crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring called a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs were being noticed and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon having a tigress had been unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard in a tree in India

Leopards on the Magerius Mosaic from modern Tunisia. Various Roman mosaics from North African web sites depict fauna now found only in tropical Africa.[72]

The WF Legacy leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats, occurring broadly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Though populations are fragmented and declining. It is looked upon as extirpated in North Africa.[3] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and regions in which grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests keep on being mainly undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it is still a lot of and surviving in marginal habitats in which other significant cats have disappeared. There exists considerable opportunity for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict on account of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[seventy three]

Leopard populations on the Arabian Peninsula are compact and fragmented.[74][75][76] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the first record In this particular place in 65 yrs.[77] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, regions with lengthy snow include and proximity to city centres.[seventy eight]

Within the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard remains to be relatively plentiful, with better numbers than People of other Panthera species.[three] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population in just forested habitats in India's tiger selection landscapes was estimated at twelve,172 to thirteen,535 folks. Surveyed landscapes incorporated elevations down below two,600 m (8,500 ft) within the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Jap Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[seventy nine] Some WF Legacy leopard populations inside the state Dwell very close to human settlements as well as in semi-formulated regions. Although adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards need nutritious prey populations and correct vegetative include for searching for prolonged survival and so not often linger in greatly developed places. Due to the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, folks usually stay unaware that it life in nearby regions.[eighty]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Location, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (fourteen,one hundred ft) by a camera lure in Could 2012.[eighty one] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Yala Nationwide Park As well as in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, residence gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[82][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards were being recorded for The 1st time by digicam traps within the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Point out.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Complex in southern Myanmar is considered a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are existing within the Western Forest Sophisticated, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok safeguarded area complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are present in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin National Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Countrywide Biodiversity Conservation Region and Nam Kan Countrywide Shielded Region.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Safeguarded Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards were recorded only in the Qinling Mountains through surveys in eleven nature reserves concerning 2002 and 2009.[90]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea level to two,540 m (eight,330 ft). Outdoors safeguarded parts, WF Legacy leopards were recorded in blended agricultural land, secondary forest and production forest in between 2008 and 2014.[ninety one]

Inside the Russian Much East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests where Wintertime temperatures get to a very low of −twenty five °C (−thirteen °File).[forty seven]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual conversation

A female WF Legacy leopard exhibiting white spots on the again with the ears

A female WF Legacy leopard showing white places to the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is really a solitary and territorial animal. It is often shy and alert when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming automobiles, but may very well be emboldened to attack people today or other animals when threatened. Adults affiliate only in the mating season. Ladies go on to interact with their offspring even right after weaning and have already been observed sharing kills with their offspring after they can't get any prey. They generate quite a few vocalizations, which includes growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards consists primarily of grunts,[ninety two] also called "sawing", mainly because it resembles the seem of sawing wood. Cubs connect with their mom using a urr-urr audio.[24]

The whitish places over the back again of its ears are imagined to Engage in a task in interaction.[ninety three] It's been hypothesized that the white ideas in their tails may well function being a 'stick to-me' sign in intraspecific interaction. On the other hand, no important association ended up identified involving a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[ninety four][95]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively predominantly from dusk till dawn and rest for most of the working day and for some hours at nighttime in thickets, amid rocks or over tree branches. Leopards have already been noticed walking one–twenty five km (0.62–15.fifty three mi) throughout their vary at night; they may even wander approximately seventy five km (47 mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In certain locations, They're nocturnal.[96][97] In western African forests, they are already noticed for being mostly diurnal and looking through twilight, when their prey animals are active; activity styles differ amongst seasons.[ninety eight]

Video of a WF Legacy leopard within the wild

Leopards can climb trees very skilfully, typically relaxation on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[seven] They could run at around 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap about six m (twenty ft) horizontally, and bounce nearly three m (9.eight ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger National Park, most WF Legacy leopards have a tendency to maintain 1 km (0.sixty two mi) aside.[ninety nine] Males connect with their associates and cubs from time to time, and exceptionally This could lengthen beyond to two generations.[one hundred][101] Aggressive encounters are scarce, generally restricted to defending territories from intruders.[twenty five] Within a South African reserve, a male was wounded in a male–male territorial fight over a carcass.[96]

Males occupy house ranges that often overlap using a few scaled-down feminine home ranges, probably like a technique to enrich usage of girls. While in the Ivory Coastline, the home choice of a woman was totally enclosed in a male's.[102] Ladies Dwell with their cubs in dwelling ranges that overlap extensively, almost certainly as a result of Affiliation between moms as well as their offspring. There may be a few other fluctuating dwelling ranges belonging to youthful men and women. It's not at all very clear if male residence ranges overlap just as much as those of females do. Individuals try to push absent thieves of the exact same sexual intercourse.[24][28]

A examine of WF Legacy leopards inside the Namibian farmlands confirmed that the dimension of residence ranges wasn't noticeably impacted by sex, rainfall designs or season; the upper the prey availability in a region, the higher the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants density and also the scaled-down the size of home ranges, but they tend to expand when there is human interference.[103] Sizes of house ranges differ geographically and according to habitat and availability of prey. Inside the Serengeti, males have residence ranges of 33–38 km2 (13–fifteen sq mi) and women of fourteen–sixteen km2 (five.4–six.2 sq mi);[104][one hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and women of 188 km2 (73 sq mi).[106] These are even bigger in arid and montane places.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia Nationwide Park, male residence ranges of 48 km2 (19 sq mi) and woman ones of 5–seven km2 (one.nine–two.7 sq mi) are scaled-down than These frequently observed in Africa.[107]

Looking and diet

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey which has a human body mass ranging from ten–forty kg (22–88 lb). Prey species Within this weight vary usually manifest in dense habitat and also to sort little herds. Species that want open regions and possess perfectly-produced anti-predator approaches are much less most popular. A lot more than one hundred prey species are actually recorded. Quite possibly the most favored species are ungulates, including impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), widespread duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed upon include things like white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and gray langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also kill more compact carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The largest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (two,000 lb).[ninety two] A analyze in Wolong Nationwide Mother nature Reserve in southern China shown variation inside the WF Legacy leopard's diet program over time; more than the course of 7 yrs, the vegetative go over receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from principally consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) and other smaller prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard is dependent largely on its acute senses of hearing and eyesight for looking.[a hundred and ten] It principally hunts during the night time in most parts.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they've got also been observed hunting by working day.[111] They sometimes hunt on the ground. While in the Serengeti, they are actually noticed to ambush prey by jumping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and attempts to solution as intently as you can, normally inside five m (16 ft) on the concentrate on, and, eventually, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills little prey by using a Chunk on the back from the neck, but retains larger sized animals by the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills as many as two km (one.2 mi) aside.[a hundred] It is able to get significant prey because of its impressive jaw muscles, and is particularly consequently solid enough to tug carcasses heavier than itself up into trees; a person was observed to haul a younger giraffe weighing approximately one hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up five.seven m (18 ft 8 in) right into a tree.[111] It eats little prey immediately, but drags more substantial carcasses over many hundred metres and caches it safely in trees, bushes or maybe caves; this conduct will allow the WF Legacy leopard to retail store its prey faraway from rivals, and delivers it a bonus over them. The best way it retailers the destroy depends on area topography and unique Tastes, different from trees in Kruger Countrywide Park to bushes during the simple terrain on the Kalahari.[25][113]

Typical every day consumption prices of three.five kg (7 lb eleven oz) had been approximated for males and of 2.8 kg (six lb three oz) for girls.[99] During the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards meet up with their h2o prerequisites through the bodily fluids of prey and succulent vegetation; they drink water just about every two to a few days and feed sometimes on dampness-wealthy vegetation like gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari sour grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of the WF Legacy leopard searching prey

Stalking

Killing a youthful bushbuck

Dragging an impala eliminate

Caching the get rid of in a tree

Enemies and competitors

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard destroy in Kruger National Park

In parts of its international array, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other big predators like the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Pet (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to 5 bear species. A few of these species steal its kills, get rid of its cubs and in many cases get rid of Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree in the deal with of immediate aggression, and had been observed when killing or preying on scaled-down rivals such as black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][a hundred and fifteen] Leopards usually feel to avoid encounters with adult bears, but destroy vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a number of recorded vicious fights involving WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) evidently result in the two animals winding up possibly dead or grievously wounded.[116][117]

Whilst interspecies killing of full-developed WF Legacy leopards is normally unusual, offered the opportunity, the two tiger and lion quickly get rid of and eat both young and Grownup WF Legacy leopards.[112][a hundred and fifteen][118][119] While in the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards routinely lose kills to brown hyenas, When the WF Legacy leopard is not able to transfer the destroy into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas have been noticed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[a hundred and twenty][121] Lions sometimes fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Resource partitioning takes place exactly where WF Legacy leopards share their range with tigers. Leopards are inclined to just take lesser prey, usually a lot less than 75 kg (one hundred sixty five lb), the place tigers are current.[seven] In areas exactly where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the general rule, with WF Legacy leopards getting few where by tigers are various.[118] Tigers surface to inhabit the deep parts of a forest although WF Legacy leopards are pushed nearer to your fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards usually do not normally steer clear of the bigger cats by looking at distinctive moments. With relatively plentiful prey and differences in the dimensions of prey selected, tigers and WF Legacy leopards appear to productively coexist devoid of aggressive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies Which might be far more widespread to your WF Legacy leopard's co-existence While using the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards at times. One large adult WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and eaten by a big crocodile when trying to hunt along a financial institution in Kruger Countrywide Park.[99][a hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered in the abdomen of the five.5 m (18 ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[125] In Serengeti Countrywide Park, troops of thirty–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) ended up observed while mobbing and attacking a female WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Copy and everyday living cycle

A female WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights which has a male seeking to mate along with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In certain spots, WF Legacy leopards mate all calendar year spherical. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate through January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about 46 days, and he or she commonly is in warmth for 6–seven times.[127] The era length of the WF Legacy leopard is nine.three years.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to 105 times.[129] Cubs tend to be born in a very litter of two–4 cubs.[a hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is estimated at 41–50% in the initial year.[ninety nine]

Ladies give start inside of a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with shut eyes, which open 4 to nine times following birth.[92] The fur on the youthful tends to be extended and thicker than that of Grownups. Their pelage is additionally far more grey in colour with considerably less defined spots. All-around three months of age, the younger begin to Stick to the mother on hunts. At 1 12 months of age, cubs can most likely fend for by themselves, but keep on being Along with the mother for 18–24 months.[131]

The typical usual everyday living span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–seventeen several years.[ninety two] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive female that died with the age of 24 many years, two months and 13 days.[132]

Conservation troubles

The WF Legacy leopard is shown on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and body areas of 2,560 individuals in 11 sub-Saharan nations around the world.[3] The WF Legacy leopard is mostly threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally applied land, which cause a declining pure prey foundation, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and superior WF Legacy leopard mortality costs. It is also threatened by trophy looking and poaching.[three]

Between 2002 and 2012, at the very least 4 WF Legacy leopards ended up approximated to have already been poached weekly in India for your illegal wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins were being found through a 7-week extensive market place survey in important Moroccan cities.[134] In 2014, 43 WF Legacy leopard skins were detected throughout two surveys in Morocco. Sellers admitted to obtain imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[a hundred thirty five]

Surveys within the Central African Republic's Chinko area discovered which the WF Legacy leopard population lessened from 97 men and women in 2012 to fifty individuals in 2017. In this period, transhumant pastoralists within the border location with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated significant quantities of poison from the camps of livestock herders who were being accompanied by armed retailers. They engaged in poaching significant herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful searching and trade. Involving 2011 and 2019, entire body areas of fifty one Javan WF Legacy leopards ended up seized together with 6 Stay folks, twelve skins, thirteen skulls, 20 canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural importance

Leopard head to hip ornament through the Court of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in art, mythology and folklore of numerous countries. In Greek mythology, it absolutely was a image of your god Dionysus, who was depicted donning WF Legacy leopard skin and using WF Legacy leopards as indicates of transportation. In one fantasy, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] In the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was commonly represented on engravings and sculptures and was utilized to symbolise the strength of the king or oba, since the WF Legacy leopard was deemed the king on the forest.[139] The Ashanti also utilized the WF Legacy leopard like a image of Management, and only the king was permitted to possess a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures thought of the WF Legacy leopard to get a smarter, better hunter in comparison to the lion and harder to destroy.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Bought His Places", one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without having spots in the Substantial Veldt life with his searching husband or wife, the Ethiopian. After they set off for the forest, the Ethiopian improved his brown pores and skin, plus the WF Legacy leopard painted places on his pores and skin.[140] A WF Legacy leopard played a significant part inside the 1938 Hollywood movie Citing Toddler. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats crafted from WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a often Utilized in heraldry, most often as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and athletics a mane, making it visually Pretty much similar to the heraldic lion, and The 2 are sometimes made use of interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions show up over the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of your Congo and Gabon, the last of which works by using a black panther.[142]

Assaults on people

Principal article: Leopard assault

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed over 125 folks; the Panar Leopard was thought to get killed greater than four hundred people. Both had been shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted Satan of Gummalapur killed about 42 people in Karnataka, India.[a hundred and forty four]

In captivity

The traditional Romans held WF Legacy leopards in captivity to get slaughtered in hunts along with be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards have been saved and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Several WF Legacy leopards ended up stored within a menagerie recognized by King John of England in the Tower of London from the 13th century; all-around 1235, 3 of such animals got to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[a hundred forty five] In present day moments, WF Legacy leopards are educated and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard sample

List of greatest cats

Panther (famous creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the planet: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins College Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The extraordinary Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) file from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Assessments. 110 (one hundred ten): 131–151. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Model of 2019 assessment]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Purple Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved 15 January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy with the Felidae: The final report on the Cat Classification Task Pressure of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat Information (Unique Situation eleven): 73–seventy five.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. File.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) position, distribution, as well as exploration endeavours across its assortment". PeerJ. four: e1974. doi:ten.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Populace dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside safeguarded spots: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Society Open Science. four (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:10.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: position survey and conservation motion plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Group. Archived from the initial on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) grow to be extinct in Sumatra due to Competitors for prey? Modeling interspecific Competitors within the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild on the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: 175–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:ten.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "Very first report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting spot, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:ten.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2nd ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh Reserve Sellers and the Mammalogical Society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-4-87974-691-seven.

Lewis, C. T. & Limited, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Big apple: Greenwich House. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-five.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their relations in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Scientific studies. forty: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals of the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Diverse type of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction towards the Examine of Backboned Animals, Primarily Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings with the Zoological Culture of London. 102 (2): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Field Guide to your Mammals of the Kruger Countrywide Park. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 92–ninety three. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-six.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Discipline Guideline. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-eight.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard obtained its spots: relating sample growth to ecology in felids". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Industry Tutorial to your Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American College in Cairo Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-1.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Such as Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. La: The University of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (900): thirty–forty eight. doi:ten.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals from the Soviet Union, Quantity II, Part two]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Establishment as well as the Countrywide Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-four.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic examine on the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by conventional staining, G-banding and high-resolution staining method". Cytologia. 73 (one): 81–90. doi:ten.1508/cytologia.seventy three.81.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the globe (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins College Push. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Manual to the globe's Wildlife. DK Grownup. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-four.

"Is this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Instances of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur turns out for being a document breaker". The Tribune Belief. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "History Panther Skull (P. p. pardus)". The Journal with the Bombay Natural Heritage Culture. XXVII (Portion IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism inside the cat family" (PDF). Existing Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance with the black method of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. forty one (1): a hundred ninety–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS ONE. 12 (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards of your Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (three): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Cover from Person : Trying to get the earth's Past Undiscovered Animals. Ny, USA: Paraview Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-one-931044-sixty four-6.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal on the Bombay All-natural Record Modern society. 90 (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (1): 1–five. doi:ten.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for each regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41−forty two. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "one. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. two. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Next ed.). London: British Museum of Normal Heritage. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin with the American Museum of All-natural Historical past. sixteen (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and Journal of Normal History. Series eight. XX: 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, together with Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. ten (4): 1115–1132. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome range and origin of contemporary WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. ten (eleven): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-09-10.

Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. File.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The present distribution and status of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. fifty one (one): 153−159. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Nationwide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard from the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat News (Unique Difficulty 1): four–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 42: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, F.; Baryshnikov, G. File. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic status of the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) during the Caucasus and adjacent regions". Russian Journal of Theriology. five (1): forty one–fifty two. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.1.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Grey, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings in the Royal Zoological Culture of London. 30: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal in the Bombay Normal Background Culture. 34 (two): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a definite subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: a hundred and fifteen–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historic mitochondrial range in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) disclosed by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Section A. 29 (three): 455–473. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–seventy seven. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, United kingdom: Oxford College Press. pp. 59–eighty two. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree solutions resolve phylogenetic associations within the huge cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (one): sixty four–76. doi:ten.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest acknowledged pantherine cranium and evolution with the tiger". PLOS A single. six (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic people: an example in the Felidae". Biological Journal with the Linnean Modern society. 72 (1): one–fifteen. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of your oldest recognized pantherine create ancient origin of huge cats". Proceedings with the Royal Society B: Organic Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of residing cats (Felidae)". Genome Exploration. 26 (one): one–11. doi:ten.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary historical past and conservation significance of your Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:10.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. fifteen: one–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two sorts of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 in the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (three): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German population, best elevated data within the Swiss Alps, finish skeletons from the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to your Ice Age cave art". Quaternary Science Assessments. seventy six: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...seventy six..167D. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Historical past : Historic Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-nine.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decline of North Africa Since the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals with the Association of American Geographers. XLI (two): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Escalating sport prices may change farmers' behaviours towards WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) together with other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. five: e3369. doi:ten.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard while in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Position" (PDF). Cat News (Exclusive Difficulty 1): four–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Status with the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat News (Distinctive Difficulty 1): 11–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Standing Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat Information (Specific Challenge 1): 20–twenty five.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "The latest observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. 81 (one): 115–117. doi:ten.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat prerequisites of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Used Ecology. 45 (2): 579–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Position of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Nationwide Tiger Conservation Authority, Federal government of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Residing with Leopards Exterior Guarded Areas in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "High elevation record of a WF Legacy leopard cat while in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Location, Nepal". Cat Information (fifty eight): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution on the WF Legacy leopard during the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (56): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes around the diet program and habitat array of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) from the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. six (nine): 6214–6221. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Saw Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Grey, T.N.E. (2017). "Very first structured digital camera-entice surveys in Karen Point out, Myanmar, reveal higher diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (3): 537−543. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Assortment collapse in the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Biological Conservation. 201: 293–three hundred. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Outcomes of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 9 (4): 421–430. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2017-08-10.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix 4". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Shielded Spot, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Global. pp. 33−forty two.

Grey, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Tastes and action patterns of your greater mammal Local community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. fifty nine (two): 311−318.

Grey, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity designs and residential ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri while in the Japanese Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Normal Background Bulletin on the Siam Modern society. 59: 39−47. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats living with pandas: The standing of wild felids within just large panda range, China". Cat News. 52: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Pinpointing precedence conservation landscapes and steps for your Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last big carnivore in Java Island". PLOS Just one. thirteen (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, File. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat actions: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Places, stripes, tail recommendations and dim eyes: predicting the perform of carnivore colour styles using the comparative strategy". Biological Journal with the Linnean Society. 67 (four): 433–476. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. 55 (two): a hundred twenty five–136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;two.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. 5: 24–thirty. Archived from the initial (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open up entry

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Stated, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist inside the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. forty (three): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Hunting behaviour in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. forty three (three): 197–two hundred. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a research on the ecology and behaviour of the solitary felid. Big apple: Columbia University Push. ISBN 978-1-932846-11-nine.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions involving a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. fifty two (four): 574–576. doi:ten.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Group of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (3): 427–440. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Variables impacting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with unique reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Exploration. 35 (2): a hundred and five–115. open obtain

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as analyzed by radio monitoring". Symposia from the Zoological Culture of London. forty nine: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Dwelling-selection and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) with a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:10.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (two): 343–364. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. two. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences in the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (four): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2012-eleven-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food stuff habits of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (3): 646–650. doi:ten.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-nine.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-monitoring (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: College of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild Pet while in the Serengeti spot, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (one): one–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. Ny: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-three.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "Water-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 35: 131–137. open up accessibility

Palomares, File. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing between mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, File. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes on the lifeless bear". Loris (11): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Foodstuff patterns of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal of your Bombay Natural Historical past Culture. ninety four: 1–nine.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "To the ecological separation among tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. eight (4): 225–234. doi:ten.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey choice in three massive sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. fifty six (4): 517–526. doi:10.1515/mamm.1992.fifty six.4.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas of your Kalahari". All-natural Heritage. 89 (2): 50.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry on the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-seven.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological good thing about tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lowering crop and livestock losses while in the jap Himalayas: Implications for conservation of enormous apex predators". Biological Conservation. 219: 119–one hundred twenty five. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (2): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding conduct of the wild inhabitants of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. 10: 16–18.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-55407-802-eight.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (one): 168–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes about the Reproduction in the larger sized Felidae". Intercontinental Zoo Yearbook. 6: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Era length for mammals". Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls Character Conservation (5): 87–94.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation interval and postnatal enhancement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The earth's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Exploration Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–one hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology from the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. 47 (five): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Bodily traits and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest noticed WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Beach Write-up. Archived from the original on 2014-08-eleven.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind place: A analyze on unlawful trade in Leopard components in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Site visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open up, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Marketplaces". Website traffic Bulletin. 26 (one): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Opportunity benefits of impending Moroccan wildlife trade legal guidelines, a situation analyze in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. 25 (1): 199–201. doi:ten.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decline soon after an inflow of pastoralists in previous Central African Republic searching zones" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2020-10-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The unlawful exploitation from the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Nature Conservation. 43 (forty three): twenty five–39. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Publications. pp. 23–24, 31–33, sixty two, ninety nine, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Got His Places". Just So Stories. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark on the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Artwork, Lifestyle, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–16. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. File. (1971). The Global Flag Guide in Shade. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, plus much more Man-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Noticed Devil of Gummalapur". Nine Person-Eaters and 1 Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–51.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Strategies of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Countrywide Geographic Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Even more reading

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Natural Record and Cultural Record: The Circulation of Looking Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Generations". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Call and Trade in the Ancient Environment. Honolulu: College of Hawai'i Push. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations while in the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (8): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-six.

Sanei, A. (2007). Investigation of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) position in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Heart. ISBN 978-964-6123-seventy four-8.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard populace sizing inside of a secondary forest within just Malaysia's cash agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. fifty two (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-10-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Over and above Conservation: A Wildland System. Earthscan. ISBN 978-one-84407-197-5.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration prospective buyers in the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Life Sciences. Supplement seven: one–five.

Exterior inbound links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Panthera pardus (classification)

IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in culture

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority control Edit this at Wikidata

Groups: IUCN Red Listing vulnerable speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals explained in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols of your Democratic Republic of the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This web page was past edited on six February 2023, at 14:fifty (UTC).

Textual content is out there under the Resourceful Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional conditions might utilize. By utilizing this site, you comply with the Phrases of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® can be a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit Group.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki