30 of the Punniest Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls Puns You Can Find

Present and historic distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is among the five extant species from the genus Panthera, a member in the cat family members, Felidae.[4] It happens in the big selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in some portions of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and over the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is detailed as Vulnerable about the IUCN Red List since WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and are declining in big portions of the worldwide vary. The WF Legacy leopard is considered domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most likely in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[three] Modern information propose that the WF Legacy leopard occurs in just twenty five% of its historic world-wide selection.[5][six]

In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has rather short legs and a lengthy system with a big cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in appearance to the jaguar (Panthera onca), but has a more compact, lighter physique, and its rosettes are usually lesser, more densely packed and with no central places. The two WF Legacy leopards and jaguars that are melanistic are generally known as black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its properly-camouflaged fur, opportunistic searching behaviour, wide diet plan, energy, and its ability to adapt to many different habitats starting from rainforest to steppe, together with arid and montane places. It might run at speeds of up to fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s).[seven] The earliest recognised WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are believed 600,000 several years aged, relationship into the late Early Pleistocene.[2] Leopard fossils have also been present in Sumatra,[8] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[10]

Etymology

The English identify 'WF Legacy leopard' emanates from Aged French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historical Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos may very well be a compound of λέων (leōn), which means lion, and πάρδος (pardos), indicating spotted.[11][twelve][13] The phrase λέοπάρδος initially referred to a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[14]

'Panther' is an additional frequent title, derived from Latin: panther and Ancient Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic identify Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to a looking Internet for catching wild beasts which were utilized by the Romans in combats.[fifteen] Pardus could be the masculine singular form.[16]

Traits

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Feminine WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, where she spends the warmest hours from the day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is normally soft and thick, notably softer on the belly than around the back.[seventeen] Its skin colour differs concerning people today from pale yellowish to dim golden with dark places grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its system. Its pupils are round.[18] Leopards residing in arid regions are pale product, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; Those people living in forests and mountains tend to be darker and deep golden. Spots fade toward the white underbelly as well as insides and reduced portions of the legs.[19] Rosettes are round in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are generally squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and darkish golden in rain forest habitats.[7] The pattern in the rosettes is unique in Every single particular person.[twenty][21] This sample is regarded as an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, where it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about sixty–a hundred cm (23.6–39.4 in) prolonged, white beneath and with places that type incomplete bands toward the tail's end.[23] The guard hairs defending the basal hairs are brief, three–4 mm (0.one–0.two in) in confront and head, and boost in duration toward the flanks along with the belly to about twenty five–thirty mm (1.0–one.two in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and seem like dark-coloured a result of the densely arranged places.[twenty][24] Its fur tends to grow for a longer period in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes vary from People with the jaguar (Panthera onca), which are darker and with lesser places inside of.[eighteen]

The WF Legacy leopard contains a diploid chromosome range of 38.[26] The chromosomes include four acrocentric, five metacentric, 7 submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Dimension and fat

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males larger and heavier than girls.[23] It really is slender and muscular, with rather short limbs and a wide head. Males stand 60–70 cm (23.6–27.six in) for the shoulder, while women are 57–sixty four cm (22.four–25.two in) tall. The pinnacle-and-system length ranges involving 90 and 196 cm (2 ft eleven.four in and 6 ft five.2 in) having a 66 to 102 cm (two ft two.0 in to three ft four.2 in) very long tail. Sizes vary geographically. Males weigh commonly 35–sixty five kg (seventy seven.two–143.3 lb), and girls 28–fifty eight kg (sixty one.seven–127.9 lb). Sometimes, huge males can develop nearly 90 kg (198.four lb). Leopards in the Cape Province in South Africa are normally smaller sized, achieving only 20–forty five kg (forty four.one–99.two lb) in males.[24][25][28] The maximum fat of a wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about 96 kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (eight ft seven.1 in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 calculated 261 cm (8 ft six.8 in) with the estimated excess weight of seventy eight.five kg (173.1 lb); it absolutely was Most likely the most important identified wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[30][31]

The most important cranium of a WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal duration, 20 cm (seven.nine in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (two lb four oz). The cranium of an African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (11.twenty five in) in basal size, and 181.0 mm (seven.125 in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (1 lb 12 oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Main short article: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also known as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is because of a recessive allele and inherited for a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards makes a considerably scaled-down litter dimension than is made by regular pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is prevalent foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as the equatorial rainforest with the Malay Peninsula as well as tropical rainforest to the slopes of some African mountains including Mount Kenya.[35] Amongst January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards had been photographed at 16 websites inside the Malay Peninsula in the sampling energy of in excess of 1,000 digicam lure nights. From the 445 photos of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 were being taken in research web sites south from the Kra Isthmus, exactly where the non-melanistic morph was never photographed. These data point out the close to-fixation with the dark allele while in the location. The predicted time for your fixation of this recessive allele as a result of genetic drift on your own ranged from about one,100 decades to about a hundred,000 a long time.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been noted.[37]

In India, 9 pale and white WF Legacy leopards had been documented between 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism have been recorded concerning 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Video game Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The cause of this morph often known as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" isn't effectively recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map displaying approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific identify proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[forty] The generic title Panthera was to start with used by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who incorporated all the recognised noticed cats into this team.[forty one] Oken's classification wasn't extensively accepted, and Felis or Leopardus was employed as the generic identify until the early twentieth century.[42]

The WF Legacy leopard was specified as the sort species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[forty three] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[forty four][45]

Subspecies

Adhering to Linnaeus' to start with description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies ended up proposed by naturalists amongst 1794 and 1956. Because 1996, only eight subspecies are deemed valid on The premise of mitochondrial Evaluation.[forty six] Later Assessment revealed a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[forty seven]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Undertaking Drive on the Cat Expert Team identified the following 8 subspecies as legitimate taxa:[4]

Subspecies Distribution Impression

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is easily the most common WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is particularly native to the vast majority of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It really is native towards the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[3][four][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[50] It's native to Java in Indonesia and is considered Critically Endangered.[three] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[51] It is actually native to your Arabian Peninsula, but considered domestically extinct within the Sinai Peninsula. It's the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty two] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[53] It truly is indigenous to japanese Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau and the Hindu Kush. It is considered Endangered.[three]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard population possibly developed inside the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, getting separated through the northern inhabitants through the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[fifty four]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[fifty five][fifty six] It is actually native for the Russian Considerably East and northern China, but is domestically extinct during the Korean peninsula.[3] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the camera lure (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[57] It is native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It can be indigenous to Sri Lanka.[three] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Outcomes of the Assessment of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens showed that some African WF Legacy leopards exhibit increased genetic discrepancies than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[59]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is based around the 2006[60] and 2009[sixty one] scientific studies, although the decrease is predicated over the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[sixty three] scientific tests.

Success of phylogenetic reports based on nDNA and mtDNA Evaluation showed that the last typical ancestor from the Panthera and Neofelis genera is believed to own lived about six.37 million yrs back. Neofelis diverged about 8.66 million years ago in the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about 6.fifty five million a long time in the past, followed by the snow WF Legacy leopard about 4.sixty three million decades back along with the WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million years ago. The WF Legacy leopard is a sister taxon to the clade within Panthera, consisting from the lion as well as jaguar.[sixty][sixty one]

Effects of a phylogenetic Examination of chemical secretions amongst cats indicated that the WF Legacy leopard is intently linked to the lion.[sixty four] The geographic origin with the Panthera is most certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed while in the Asian and African Palearctic considering that at the least the early Pliocene.[65] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged three.1–1.95 million yrs in the past.[62][sixty three] Also, a 2016 review unveiled that the mitochondrial genomes of your WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard tend to be more identical to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized With all the snow WF Legacy leopard at some point in their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors were excavated in East Africa and South Asia, courting back again towards the Pleistocene amongst two and 3.5 million yrs in the past. The trendy WF Legacy leopard is advised to own advanced in Africa about 0.five to 0.eight million yrs back and to have radiated across Asia about 0.2 and 0.three million yrs ago.[forty seven] Fossil cat tooth collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands ended up assigned into the WF Legacy leopard. It's got due to the fact been hypothesized that it grew to become extirpated within the island because of the Toba eruption about 75,000 several years back,[67] and resulting from Level of competition With all the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) and also the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[eight]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred not less than since the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and enamel probably relationship to the Pliocene had been excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, As well as in Valdarno, Italy. Until 1940, very similar fossils dating back again on the Pleistocene were excavated generally in loess and caves at 40 web sites in Europe, which includes Furninha Cave close to Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to various internet sites throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, in the north around Derby in England, inside the east to Přerov inside the Czech Republic as well as Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils dating towards the Late Pleistocene were found in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[sixty nine] The oldest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 a long time previous and ended up found in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in close proximity to Mauer in Germany.[two] 4 European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies were proposed. P. p. begoueni from the beginning on the Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million decades back by P. p. sickenbergi, which consequently was changed by P. p. antiqua close to 0.three million yrs ago. The latest, P. p. spelaea, appeared at the start of the Late Pleistocene and survived until finally about 24,000 yrs in the past in several aspects of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils courting into the Pleistocene were being also excavated during the Japanese archipelago.[ten]

Hybrids

Main articles or blog posts: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard along with a lioness had been crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring referred to as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs ended up noticed and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon having a tigress have been unsuccessful.[71]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard within a tree in India

Leopards about the Magerius Mosaic from modern Tunisia. Numerous Roman mosaics from North African web sites depict fauna now uncovered only in tropical Africa.[72]

The WF Legacy leopard has the biggest distribution of all wild cats, taking place greatly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Even though populations are fragmented and declining. It's regarded as being extirpated in North Africa.[3] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and locations wherever grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests continue being mostly undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains many and surviving in marginal habitats where other significant cats have disappeared. There's considerable possible for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict due to WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[73]

Leopard populations around the Arabian Peninsula are smaller and fragmented.[74][75][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the first file During this space in sixty five many years.[seventy seven] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, parts with extended snow include and proximity to urban centres.[78]

During the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard remains somewhat considerable, with larger figures than Those people of other Panthera species.[three] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard populace in just forested habitats in India's tiger variety landscapes was approximated at twelve,172 to thirteen,535 people. Surveyed landscapes involved elevations below 2,600 m (eight,five hundred ft) in the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Japanese Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[79] Some WF Legacy leopard populations in the nation Are living pretty close to human settlements and also in semi-developed parts. While adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards have to have balanced prey populations and appropriate vegetative include for searching for extended survival and therefore rarely linger in seriously created areas. Because of the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, people usually remain unaware that it life in close by locations.[eighty]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Location, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of four,300 m (14,one hundred ft) by a digicam entice in Might 2012.[eighty one] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Yala Nationwide Park and in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, residence gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[82][83] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded for The 1st time by digicam traps in the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Condition.[84] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Intricate in southern Myanmar is considered a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are current during the Western Forest Intricate, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok protected space complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are existing in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin National Parks.[85] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Nationwide Biodiversity Conservation Location and Nam Kan National Safeguarded Place.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Secured Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded only while in the Qinling Mountains throughout surveys in eleven character reserves amongst 2002 and 2009.[ninety]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea stage to 2,540 m (eight,330 ft). Exterior protected spots, WF Legacy leopards were being recorded in blended agricultural land, secondary forest and production forest involving 2008 and 2014.[91]

During the Russian Far East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests where by Wintertime temperatures arrive at a minimal of −25 °C (−13 °F).[47]

Conduct and ecology

Leopard Visible communication

A female WF Legacy leopard showing white spots about the again from the ears

A female WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white places on the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is usually a solitary and territorial animal. It is often shy and alert when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming automobiles, but could possibly be emboldened to attack men and women or other animals when threatened. Grown ups associate only from the mating time. Ladies keep on to connect with their offspring even just after weaning and are noticed sharing kills with their offspring after they can not get any prey. They deliver quite a few vocalizations, like growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards is made up primarily of grunts,[92] also known as "sawing", because it resembles the seem of sawing Wooden. Cubs phone their mother which has a urr-urr sound.[24]

The whitish places to the again of its ears are thought to Engage in a role in interaction.[93] It's been hypothesized which the white suggestions in their tails may possibly perform for a 'follow-me' signal in intraspecific interaction. Having said that, no considerable association had been discovered involving a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[ninety four][ninety five]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Energetic mainly from dusk until dawn and rest for most of the working day and for a few hrs during the night time in thickets, among rocks or around tree branches. Leopards are noticed going for walks one–25 km (0.sixty two–fifteen.53 mi) throughout their assortment at nighttime; They might even wander as many as seventy five km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In a few areas, They are really nocturnal.[ninety six][97] In western African forests, they have been observed to generally be mostly diurnal and searching through twilight, when their prey animals are Energetic; exercise designs vary in between seasons.[98]

Movie of a WF Legacy leopard while in the wild

Leopards can climb trees incredibly skilfully, normally relaxation on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[seven] They are able to operate at in excess of 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap over six m (twenty ft) horizontally, and soar up to 3 m (9.8 ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger Nationwide Park, most WF Legacy leopards are likely to help keep 1 km (0.sixty two mi) apart.[ninety nine] Males communicate with their associates and cubs sometimes, and extremely This could lengthen further than to 2 generations.[100][101] Intense encounters are exceptional, usually limited to defending territories from thieves.[25] Inside of a South African reserve, a male was wounded in the male–male territorial fight over a carcass.[ninety six]

Males occupy household ranges That always overlap using a couple lesser woman home ranges, most likely as a technique to boost use of females. From the Ivory Coastline, the home number of a woman was absolutely enclosed in a male's.[102] Women Dwell with their cubs in dwelling ranges that overlap thoroughly, almost certainly because of the association involving mothers as well as their offspring. There may be a few other fluctuating home ranges belonging to youthful people today. It is far from clear if male property ranges overlap approximately Individuals of girls do. People try to generate away thieves of the same intercourse.[24][28]

A analyze of WF Legacy leopards inside the Namibian farmlands showed the measurement of residence ranges was not significantly afflicted by intercourse, rainfall designs or year; the upper the prey availability in a place, the bigger the WF Legacy leopard population density as well as the smaller sized the dimensions of house ranges, but they have an inclination to expand when there is human interference.[103] Sizes of property ranges differ geographically and determined by habitat and availability of prey. Within the Serengeti, males have property ranges of 33–38 km2 (thirteen–fifteen sq mi) and women of 14–16 km2 (five.four–six.two sq mi);[104][a hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and ladies of 188 km2 (seventy three sq mi).[106] These are even larger sized in arid and montane regions.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia Countrywide Park, male property ranges of 48 km2 (19 sq mi) and female kinds of five–seven km2 (1.nine–two.seven sq mi) are more compact than All those generally observed in Africa.[107]

Looking and diet

The WF Legacy leopard can be a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey using a system mass ranging from ten–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species On this pounds selection are likely to come about in dense habitat and to kind compact herds. Species that favor open locations and possess very well-created anti-predator procedures are fewer chosen. In excess of 100 prey species happen to be recorded. One of the most favored species are ungulates, for example impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on consist of white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also eliminate smaller sized carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The biggest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (two,000 lb).[ninety two] A research in Wolong National Mother nature Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation in the WF Legacy leopard's diet plan over time; above the training course of 7 several years, the vegetative address receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from mostly consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) as well as other more compact prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard is dependent mainly on its acute senses of Listening to and eyesight for hunting.[a hundred and ten] It mainly hunts during the night time in most places.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo Nationwide Park, they have also been observed hunting by working day.[111] They sometimes hunt on the bottom. During the Serengeti, they have already been observed to ambush prey by leaping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and tries to technique as intently as you possibly can, generally within just five m (sixteen ft) with the focus on, and, last but not least, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills little prey which has a bite for the back again with the neck, but holds larger sized animals via the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills as much as two km (one.2 mi) apart.[a hundred] It has the capacity to get large prey as a consequence of its powerful jaw muscles, and is hence solid enough to pull carcasses heavier than alone up into trees; a person was observed to haul a young giraffe weighing practically 125 kg (276 lb) up five.seven m (18 ft eight in) right into a tree.[111] It eats smaller prey quickly, but drags larger carcasses around numerous hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes and even caves; this behaviour lets the WF Legacy leopard to retail outlet its prey far from rivals, and provides it a benefit in excess of them. The best way it merchants the get rid of is determined by regional topography and personal preferences, various from trees in Kruger Countrywide Park to bushes from the basic terrain of your Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Common every day consumption rates of 3.5 kg (7 lb eleven oz) were being estimated for males and of two.eight kg (six lb 3 oz) for women.[99] From the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards satisfy their water demands because of the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants; they drink drinking water each and every two to a few days and feed occasionally on moisture-abundant plants for example gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari sour grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of the WF Legacy leopard hunting prey

Stalking

Killing a younger bushbuck

Dragging an impala eliminate

Caching the get rid of in a very tree

Enemies and opponents

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard kill in Kruger Nationwide Park

In areas of its world array, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other large predators such as the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Canine (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. A few of these species steal its kills, kill its cubs and also kill adult WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree from the experience of immediate aggression, and were being observed when killing or preying on lesser rivals like black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][one hundred fifteen] Leopards usually appear to be to prevent encounters with adult bears, but eliminate vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a number of recorded vicious fights among WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) apparently end in the two animals winding up possibly useless or grievously wounded.[116][117]

Although interspecies killing of complete-developed WF Legacy leopards is generally unusual, specified the opportunity, both tiger and lion conveniently eliminate and eat both of those youthful and Grownup WF Legacy leopards.[112][a hundred and fifteen][118][119] From the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards commonly drop kills to brown hyenas, In case the WF Legacy leopard is not able to transfer the kill right into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas have already been noticed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[a hundred and twenty][121] Lions once in a while fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Resource partitioning happens where WF Legacy leopards share their vary with tigers. Leopards are likely to choose more compact prey, ordinarily lower than 75 kg (a hundred sixty five lb), where by tigers are present.[7] In areas where by WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the final rule, with WF Legacy leopards staying couple of the place tigers are a lot of.[118] Tigers seem to inhabit the deep aspects of a forest while WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer for the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards don't usually stay away from the larger cats by searching at diverse times. With reasonably ample prey and variations in the dimensions of prey chosen, tigers and WF Legacy leopards seem to successfully coexist without having aggressive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies That could be a lot more prevalent on the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence With all the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards from time to time. One significant Grownup WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and eaten by a substantial crocodile whilst attempting to hunt along a financial institution in Kruger Countrywide Park.[ninety nine][one hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an Grownup WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered from your stomach of the 5.five m (18 ft 1 in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[a hundred twenty five] In Serengeti Nationwide Park, troops of 30–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) had been observed though mobbing and attacking a woman WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Copy and existence cycle

A feminine WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights with a male seeking to mate with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In a few locations, WF Legacy leopards mate all calendar year round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate through January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about forty six times, and he or she ordinarily is in warmth for 6–7 days.[127] The generation duration on the WF Legacy leopard is nine.three years.[128] Gestation lasts for 90 to one zero five times.[129] Cubs are often born inside a litter of 2–4 cubs.[130] Mortality of cubs is estimated at forty one–50% through the to start with year.[ninety nine]

Females give delivery in a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with shut eyes, which open up 4 to 9 days immediately after delivery.[ninety two] The fur with the younger has a tendency to be extended and thicker than that of Older people. Their pelage is also extra grey in colour with less outlined places. All over 3 months of age, the younger start to Adhere to the mom on hunts. At a person yr of age, cubs can almost certainly fend for them selves, but continue to be Using the mom for eighteen–24 months.[131]

The common typical daily life span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–17 a long time.[92] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive female that died on the age of 24 several years, 2 months and thirteen days.[132]

Conservation concerns

The WF Legacy leopard is mentioned on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and human body areas of 2,560 folks in eleven sub-Saharan countries.[three] The WF Legacy leopard is mainly threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally made use of land, which bring about a declining organic prey foundation, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and high WF Legacy leopard mortality prices. It's also threatened by trophy looking and poaching.[3]

Among 2002 and 2012, not less than four WF Legacy leopards have been approximated to happen to be poached each week in India to the illegal wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins had been found in the course of a 7-7 days extensive industry survey in important Moroccan towns.[134] In 2014, forty three WF Legacy leopard skins were detected through two surveys in Morocco. Sellers admitted to own imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[135]

Surveys from the Central African Republic's Chinko space revealed which the WF Legacy leopard population decreased from 97 men and women in 2012 to fifty persons in 2017. In this period, transhumant pastoralists through the border space with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated big quantities of poison during the camps of livestock herders who ended up accompanied by armed retailers. They engaged in poaching significant herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful looking and trade. Among 2011 and 2019, body areas of 51 Javan WF Legacy leopards have been seized together with six Stay people today, twelve skins, 13 skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural significance

Leopard head to hip ornament through the Court docket of Benin

Animal trainer with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in artwork, mythology and folklore of numerous nations around the world. In Greek mythology, it had been a image on the god Dionysus, who was depicted putting on WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and applying WF Legacy leopards as indicates of transportation. In one myth, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] Over the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was typically represented on engravings and sculptures and was utilized to symbolise the power of the king or oba, For the reason that WF Legacy leopard was regarded the king on the forest.[139] The Ashanti also applied the WF Legacy leopard for a image of leadership, and only the king was permitted to have a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures thought of the WF Legacy leopard for being a smarter, far better hunter than the lion and more challenging to destroy.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Obtained His Places", one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without any places from the Higher Veldt life together with his hunting husband or wife, the Ethiopian. Every time they established off to your forest, the Ethiopian improved his brown skin, plus the WF Legacy leopard painted spots on his skin.[a hundred and forty] A WF Legacy leopard played an essential role in the 1938 Hollywood film Citing Baby. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats product of WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard is a often Utilized in heraldry, most commonly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sports activities a mane, which makes it visually Just about similar to the heraldic lion, and The 2 are frequently made use of interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions seem about the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon, the final of which takes advantage of a black panther.[142]

Assaults on folks

Key article: Leopard attack

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed in excess of 125 individuals; the Panar Leopard was believed to own killed over four hundred people today. Each were shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The noticed devil of Gummalapur killed about forty two folks in Karnataka, India.[one hundred forty four]

In captivity

The traditional Romans saved WF Legacy leopards in captivity for being slaughtered in hunts along with be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards ended up kept and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Various WF Legacy leopards ended up retained in the menagerie established by King John of England on the Tower of London in the 13th century; close to 1235, 3 of such animals got to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In modern day situations, WF Legacy leopards are experienced and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard sample

Listing of premier cats

Panther (famous creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the planet: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins College Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The amazing Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) record from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Reviews. a hundred and ten (a hundred and ten): 131–151. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.twelve.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Model of 2019 assessment]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Purple Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-one.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy with the Felidae: The ultimate report from the Cat Classification Process Force of your IUCN Cat Specialist Team" (PDF). Cat News (Exclusive Situation 11): 73–seventy five.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Greenback, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) position, distribution, as well as the study efforts throughout its selection". PeerJ. 4: e1974. doi:ten.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside the house protected locations: implications for carnivore management". Royal Modern society Open up Science. 4 (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: position study and conservation action system. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) turn into extinct in Sumatra due to Levels of competition for prey? Modeling interspecific Competitiveness in the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild from the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: 175–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "To start with report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting place, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. 9: e12020. doi:ten.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (Second ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh Reserve Sellers and the Mammalogical Modern society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-7.

Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A brief Etymological Dictionary of recent English. New York: Greenwich Residence. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-five.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their kinfolk in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Scientific studies. forty: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Small, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Small, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals in the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Diverse style of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction towards the Study of Backboned Animals, Specially Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings with the Zoological Modern society of London. 102 (two): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Subject Information on the Mammals of your Kruger Nationwide Park. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. ninety two–93. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-six.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Area Manual. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-93-5009-761-8.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard received its places: relating pattern development to ecology in felids". Proceedings from the Royal Modern society B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Subject Information for the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-1.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Conduct Manual to African Mammals, Such as Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Los Angeles: The University of California Press. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. 45 (900): thirty–48. doi:ten.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part two]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Establishment plus the Countrywide Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-four.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic analyze in the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by traditional staining, G-banding and substantial-resolution staining approach". Cytologia. seventy three (one): 81–ninety. doi:10.1508/cytologia.73.eighty one.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the globe (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visible Tutorial to the entire world's Wildlife. DK Grownup. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4.

"Is that this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Occasions of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur turns out to generally be a history breaker". The Tribune Believe in. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "Report Panther Cranium (P. p. pardus)". The Journal in the Bombay All-natural Historical past Culture. XXVII (Element IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism from the cat relatives" (PDF). Existing Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-three. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance with the black sort of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (one): a hundred ninety–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS Just one. 12 (4): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "In close proximity to fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards of the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (three): 201–206. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Hide from Male : In search of the World's Previous Undiscovered Animals. The big apple, USA: Paraview Push. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-931044-64-6.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal with the Bombay Organic Background Society. ninety (1): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (one): one–five. doi:ten.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for every regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−forty two. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "one. Artwork, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Next ed.). London: British Museum of Pure Historical past. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin on the American Museum of Natural Heritage. sixteen (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of current Felidae". The Annals and Magazine of Purely natural History. Series 8. XX: 329–350. doi:ten.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, like Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Quantity 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 10 (4): 1115–1132. doi:ten.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. ten (11): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-09-ten.

Meyer, File. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The current distribution and standing of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. fifty one (1): 153−159. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Nationwide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere for every Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate seventeen.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard within the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Particular Problem one): 4–eight. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, F.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic standing with the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Caucasus and adjacent locations". Russian Journal of Theriology. five (1): 41–52. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.one.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Gray, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Modern society of London. 30: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal in the Bombay Organic History Modern society. 34 (2): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a definite subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: a hundred and fifteen–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historic mitochondrial range in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) discovered by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Element A. 29 (3): 455–473. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of contemporary Felidae: a genetic evaluation". Science. 311 (5757): 73–seventy seven. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, United kingdom: Oxford College Press. pp. fifty nine–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree techniques resolve phylogenetic interactions inside the major cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. fifty six (one): 64–76. doi:ten.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest recognized pantherine cranium and evolution of your tiger". PLOS A person. 6 (ten): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic figures: an instance from the Felidae". Organic Journal in the Linnean Culture. 72 (one): 1–15. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils with the oldest acknowledged pantherine build historic origin of massive cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for ancient hybridization in the genomes of dwelling cats (Felidae)". Genome Exploration. 26 (one): 1–eleven. doi:ten.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, File.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary background and conservation significance on the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:ten.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift fileür Säugetierkunde. 15: 1–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two types of cave lion: Center Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Higher Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from your Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German population, greatest elevated data within the Swiss Alps, entire skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison towards the Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Critiques. 76: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium History : Historical Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-9.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decrease of North Africa Considering that the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals in the Association of yank Geographers. XLI (2): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Expanding match charges could change farmers' behaviours towards WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) as well as other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. five: e3369. doi:ten.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard during the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat Information (Exclusive Problem one): four–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Status of the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat Information (Exclusive Situation 1): eleven–19. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Position Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat News (Exclusive Problem 1): 20–twenty five.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "The latest observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. 81 (one): 115–117. doi:ten.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat needs of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Applied Ecology. forty five (2): 579–588. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Standing of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Residing with Leopards Outdoors Safeguarded Regions in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Superior elevation file of a WF Legacy leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal". Cat News (fifty eight): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution of the WF Legacy leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (fifty six): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes about the food plan and habitat array of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) during the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (9): 6214–6221. doi:ten.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Noticed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017). "To start with structured camera-lure surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high range of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. 52 (3): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Array collapse with the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Biological Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Consequences of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. nine (four): 421–430. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2017-08-10.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix four". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Place, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Worldwide. pp. 33−42.

Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Choices and activity styles of the greater mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (2): 311−318.

Grey, T. N. E. (2013). "Exercise patterns and home ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri in the Jap Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). All-natural Record Bulletin of your Siam Modern society. 59: 39−forty seven. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats living with pandas: The position of wild felids in just large panda range, China". Cat Information. 52: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Identifying priority conservation landscapes and steps for that Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last massive carnivore in Java Island". PLOS A single. 13 (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls of the World. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-seven.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat habits: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Included. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Spots, stripes, tail guidelines and dark eyes: predicting the function of carnivore colour styles utilizing the comparative technique". Biological Journal from the Linnean Culture. sixty seven (four): 433–476. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. fifty five (two): a hundred twenty five–136. doi:ten.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary job report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. 5: 24–thirty. Archived from the initial (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open up access

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Explained, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist inside the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. 40 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Hunting behaviour in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. forty three (3): 197–200. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a study in the ecology and behaviour of a solitary felid. Big apple: Columbia College Push. ISBN 978-one-932846-11-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-one-4081-8996-2.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions in between a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. 52 (four): 574–576. doi:10.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Corporation of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (three): 427–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Things impacting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with unique reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Investigate. 35 (two): one zero five–one hundred fifteen. open obtain

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as examined by radio tracking". Symposia with the Zoological Modern society of London. 49: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Household-range and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) with a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (two): 343–364. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. 2. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey Tastes from the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food items behavior of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (3): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Reserve of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-947430-fifty five-nine.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-monitoring (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild dog from the Serengeti place, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (1): 1–27. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.one. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. The big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-3.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "H2o-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 35: 131–137. open entry

Palomares, File. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing between mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (five): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes on a lifeless bear". Loris (eleven): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Foodstuff behavior of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal from the Bombay Natural Heritage Culture. 94: 1–nine.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "Around the ecological separation amongst tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. 8 (4): 225–234. doi:ten.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey range in a few significant sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. 56 (four): 517–526. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1992.56.4.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas of your Kalahari". Purely natural Heritage. 89 (2): 50.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry with the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological advantage of tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lowering crop and livestock losses within the japanese Himalayas: Implications for conservation of large apex predators". Biological Conservation. 219: 119–a hundred twenty five. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (two): 255–265. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding conduct of the wild population of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: sixteen–eighteen.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-55407-802-8.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (1): 168–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes over the Replica of the greater Felidae". Worldwide Zoo Yearbook. 6: 184–187. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation size for mammals". Nature Conservation (5): 87–ninety four.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation time period and postnatal progress in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The entire world's cats. Vol. 3. Carnivore Investigate Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–a hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology of your WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. forty seven (5): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Physical features and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest spotted WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage protect". The Palm Seaside Article. Archived from the original on 2014-08-eleven.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind location: A research on illegal trade in Leopard sections in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Site visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open up, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". Website traffic Bulletin. 26 (one): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Potential benefits of impending Moroccan wildlife trade regulations, a scenario study in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. 25 (one): 199–201. doi:ten.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decline following an influx of pastoralists in previous Central African Republic hunting zones" (PDF). Organic Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-10-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The unlawful exploitation of the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Mother nature Conservation. 43 (forty three): 25–39. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Textbooks. pp. 23–24, 31–33, 62, 99, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Acquired His Spots". Just So Stories. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark of your Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Everyday living, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–16. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-7.

Pedersen, C. F. (1971). The Global Flag Reserve in Colour. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and a lot more Male-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford University Push.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Noticed Satan of Gummalapur". Nine Gentleman-Eaters and a person Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–fifty one.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Insider secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Countrywide Geographic Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Further more reading through

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Organic Heritage and Cultural Background: The Circulation of Looking Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Make contact with and Trade in The traditional Entire world. Honolulu: College of Hawai'i Push. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Brokers in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations inside the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (eight): 665–684. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-6.

Sanei, A. (2007). Investigation of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) position in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Center. ISBN 978-964-6123-seventy four-eight.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard inhabitants size in the secondary forest in Malaysia's capital agglomeration applying unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 52 (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-ten-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Outside of Conservation: A Wildland Method. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84407-197-5.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and management prospects with the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Lifestyle Sciences. Nutritional supplement seven: one–five.

Exterior back links

Wikimedia Commons has media connected to:

Panthera pardus (classification)

IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in tradition

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Handle Edit this at Wikidata

Classes: IUCN Pink Listing susceptible speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals described in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols of your Democratic Republic from the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This site was very last edited on 6 February 2023, at 14:50 (UTC).

Text is on the market beneath the Inventive Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; further terms may perhaps implement. By using This great site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is often a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-profit Business.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki